Range-v3 Range algorithms, views, and actions for the Standard Library |

User Manual

# Preface

Range library for C++14/17/20. This code is the basis of the range support in C++20.

Development Status:

This code is fairly stable, well-tested, and suitable for casual use, although currently lacking documentation. No promise is made about support or long-term stability. This code will evolve without regard to backwards compatibility.

A notable exception is anything found within the `ranges::cpp20` namespace. Those components will change rarely or (preferably) never at all.

## Installation

This library is header-only. You can get the source code from the range-v3 repository on github. To compile with Range-v3, just `#include` the individual headers you want.

This distribution actually contains three separate header-only libraries:

- `include/concepts/...` contains the Concepts Portability Preprocessor, or CPP, which is a set of macros for defining and using concept checks, regardless of whether your compiler happens to support the C++20 concepts language feature or not.
- `include/meta/...` contains the Meta Library, which is a set of meta-programming utilities for processing types and lists of types at compile time.
- `include/range/...` contains the Range-v3 library, as described below.

The Range-v3 library is physically structured in directories by feature group:

- `include/range/v3/actions/...` contains actions, or composable components that operate eagerly on containers and return the mutated container for further actions.
- `include/range/v3/algorithms/...` contains all the STL algorithms with overloads that accept ranges, in addition to the familiar overloads that take iterators.
- `include/range/v3/functional/...` contains many generally useful components that would be familiar to functional programmers.
- `include/range/v3/iterator/...` contains the definitions of many useful iterators and iterator-related concepts and utilities.
- `include/range/v3/numeric/...` contains numeric algorithms corresponding to those found in the standard `<numeric>` header.
- `include/range/v3/range/...` contains range-related utilities, such as `begin`, `end`, and `size`, range traits and concepts, and conversions to containers.
- `include/range/v3/utility/...` contains a miscellaneous assortment of reusable code.
- `include/range/v3/view/...` contains views, or composable components that operate lazily on ranges and that themselves return ranges that can be operated upon with additional view adaptors.

## License

Most of the source code in this project are mine, and those are under the Boost Software License. Parts are taken from Alex Stepanov's Elements of Programming, Howard Hinnant's libc++, and from the SGI STL. Please see the attached LICENSE file and the CREDITS file for the licensing and acknowledgements.

## Supported Compilers

The code is known to work on the following compilers:

- clang 5.0
- GCC 6.5
- Clang/LLVM 6 (or later) on Windows
- MSVC VS2019, with `/permissive-` and either `/std:c++latest` or `/std:c++17`

# Quick Start

Range-v3 is a generic library that augments the existing standard library with facilities for working with ranges. A range can be loosely thought of a pair of iterators, although they need not be implemented that way. Bundling begin/end iterators into a single object brings several benefits: convenience, composability, and correctness.

Convenience

It's more convenient to pass a single range object to an algorithm than separate begin/end iterators. Compare:

std::vector<int> v{/*...*/};
std::sort( v.begin(), v.end() );

with

std::vector<int> v{/*...*/};
ranges::sort( v );

Range-v3 contains full implementations of all the standard algorithms with range-based overloads for convenience.

Composability

Having a single range object permits pipelines of operations. In a pipeline, a range is lazily adapted or eagerly mutated in some way, with the result immediately available for further adaptation or mutation. Lazy adaption is handled by views, and eager mutation is handled by actions.

For instance, the below uses views to filter a container using a predicate and transform the resulting range with a function. Note that the underlying data is `const` and is not mutated by the views.

std::vector<int> const vi{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
using namespace ranges;
auto rng = vi | views::remove_if([](int i){ return i % 2 == 1; })
| views::transform([](int i){ return std::to_string(i); });
// rng == {"2","4","6","8","10"};

In the code above, `rng` simply stores a reference to the underlying data and the filter and transformation functions. No work is done until `rng` is iterated.

In contrast, actions do their work eagerly, but they also compose. Consider the code below, which reads some data into a vector, sorts it, and makes it unique.

extern std::vector<int> read_data();
using namespace ranges;
std::vector<int> vi = read_data() | actions::sort | actions::unique;

Unlike views, with actions each step in the pipeline (`actions::sort` and `actions::unique`) accepts a container by value, mutates it in place, and returns it.

Correctness

Whether you are using views or actions, you are operating on data in a pure functional, declarative style. You rarely need to trouble yourself with iterators, although they are there under the covers should you need them.

By operating declaratively and functionally instead of imperatively, we reduce the need for overt state manipulation and branches and loops. This brings down the number of states your program can be in, which brings down your bug counts.

In short, if you can find a way to express your solution as a composition of functional transformations on your data, you can make your code correct by construction.

## Views

As described above, the big advantage of ranges over iterators is their composability. They permit a functional style of programming where data is manipulated by passing it through a series of combinators. In addition, the combinators can be lazy, only doing work when the answer is requested, and purely functional, without mutating the original data. This makes it easier to reason about your code.

A view is a lightweight wrapper that presents a view of an underlying sequence of elements in some custom way without mutating or copying it. Views are cheap to create and copy and have non-owning reference semantics. Below are some examples that use views:

Filter a container using a predicate and transform it.

std::vector<int> const vi{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10};
using namespace ranges;
auto rng = vi | views::remove_if([](int i){return i % 2 == 1;})
| views::transform([](int i){return std::to_string(i);});
// rng == {"2","4","6","8","10"};

Generate an infinite list of integers starting at 1, square them, take the first 10, and sum them:

using namespace ranges;
int sum = accumulate(views::ints(1)
| views::transform([](int i){return i*i;})
| views::take(10), 0);

Generate a sequence on the fly with a range comprehension and initialize a vector with it:

using namespace ranges;
auto vi =
views::for_each(views::ints(1, 10), [](int i) {
return yield_from(views::repeat_n(i, i));
})
| to<std::vector>();
// vi == {1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,5,5,5,5,5,...}

## View const-ness

Logically, a view is a factory for iterators, but in practice a view is often implemented as a state machine, with the state stored within the view object itself (to keep iterators small) and mutated as the view is iterated. Because the view contains mutable state, many views lack a `const`-qualified `begin()`/`end()`. When `const` versions of `begin()`/`end()` are provided, they are truly `const`; that is, thread-safe.

Since views present the same interface as containers, the temptation is to think they behave like containers with regard to `const`-ness. This is not the case. Their behavior with regards to `const`-ness is similar to iterators and pointers.

The `const`-ness of a view is not related to the `const`-ness of the underlying data. A non-`const` view may refer to elements that are themselves `const`, and vice versa. This is analogous to pointers; an `int* const` is a `const` pointer to a mutable `int`, and a `int const*` is a non-`const` pointer to a `const` `int`.

Use non-`const` views whenever possible. If you need thread-safety, work with view copies in threads; don't share.

## View validity

Any operation on the underlying range that invalidates its iterators or sentinels will also invalidate any view that refers to any part of that range. Additionally, some views (e.g., `views::filter`), are invalidated when the underlying elements of the range are mutated. It is best to recreate a view after any operation that may have mutated the underlying range.

## List of range views

Below is a list of the lazy range combinators, or views, that Range-v3 provides, and a blurb about how each is intended to be used.

`views::addressof`
  Given a source range of lvalue references, return a new view that is the result of taking `std::addressof` of each.
`views::adjacent_filter`
  For each pair of adjacent elements in a source range, evaluate the specified binary predicate. If the predicate evaluates to false, the second element of the pair is removed from the result range; otherwise, it is included. The first element in the source range is always included. (For instance, `adjacent_filter` with `std::not_equal_to` filters out all the non-unique elements.)
`views::adjacent_remove_if`
  For each pair of adjacent elements in a source range, evaluate the specified binary predicate. If the predicate evaluates to true, the first element of the pair is removed from the result range; otherwise, it is included. The last element in the source range is always included.
`views::all`
  Return a range containing all the elements in the source. Useful for converting containers to ranges.
`any_view<T>(rng)`
  Type-erased range of elements with value type `T`; can store any range with this value type.
`views::c_str`
  View a `\0`-terminated C string (e.g. from a `const char*`) as a range.
`views::cache1`
  Caches the most recent element within the view so that dereferencing the view's iterator multiple times doesn't incur any recomputation. This can be useful in adaptor pipelines that include combinations of `view::filter` and `view::transform`, for instance. `views::cache1` is always single-pass.
`views::cartesian_product`
  Enumerates the n-ary cartesian product of `n` ranges, i.e., generates all `n`-tuples `(e1, e2, ... , en)` where `e1` is an element of the first range, `e2` is an element of the second range, etc.
`views::chunk`
  Given a source range and an integer N, produce a range of contiguous ranges where each inner range has N contiguous elements. The final range may have fewer than N elements.
`views::common`
  Convert the source range to a common range, where the type of the `end` is the same as the `begin`. Useful for calling algorithms in the `std::` namespace.
`views::concat`
  Given N source ranges, produce a result range that is the concatenation of all of them.
`views::const_`
  Present a `const` view of a source range.
`views::counted`
  Given an iterator `it` and a count `n`, create a range that starts at `it` and includes the next `n` elements.
`views::cycle`
  Returns an infinite range that endlessly repeats the source range.
`views::delimit`
  Given a source range and a value, return a new range that ends either at the end of the source or at the first occurrence of the value, whichever comes first. Alternatively, `views::delimit` can be called with an iterator and a value, in which case it returns a range that starts at the specified position and ends at the first occurrence of the value.
`views::drop`
  Given a source range and an integral count, return a range consisting of all but the first count elements from the source range, or an empty range if it has fewer elements.
`views::drop_last`
  Given a source range and an integral count, return a range consisting of all but the last count elements from the source range, or an empty range if it has fewer elements.
`views::drop_exactly`
  Given a source range and an integral count, return a range consisting of all but the first count elements from the source range. The source range must have at least that many elements.
`views::drop_while`
  Remove elements from the front of a range that satisfy a unary predicate.
`views::empty`
  Create an empty range with a given value type.
`views::enumerate`
  Pair each element of a range with its index.
`views::filter`
  Given a source range and a unary predicate, filter the elements that satisfy the predicate. (For users of Boost.Range, this is like the `filter` adaptor.)
`views::for_each`
  Lazily applies an unary function to each element in the source range that returns another range (possibly empty), flattening the result.
`views::generate`
  Given a nullary function, return an infinite range whose elements are generated with the function.
`views::generate_n`
  Given a nullary function and a count, return a range that generates the requested number of elements by calling the function.
`views::group_by`
  Given a source range and a binary predicate, return a range of ranges where each range contains contiguous elements from the source range such that the following condition holds: for each element in the range apart from the first, when that element and the first element are passed to the binary predicate, the result is true. In essence, `views::group_by` groups contiguous elements together with a binary predicate.
`views::indirect`
  Given a source range of readable values (e.g. pointers or iterators), return a new view that is the result of dereferencing each.
`views::intersperse`
  Given a source range and a value, return a new range where the value is inserted between contiguous elements from the source.
`views::ints`
  Generate a range of monotonically increasing `int`s. When used without arguments, it generates the quasi-infinite range [0,1,2,3...]. It can also be called with a lower bound, or with a lower and upper bound (exclusive). An inclusive version is provided by `closed_ints`.
`views::iota`
  A generalization of `views::ints` that generates a sequence of monotonically increasing values of any incrementable type. When specified with a single argument, the result is an infinite range beginning at the specified value. With two arguments, the values are assumed to denote a half-open range.
`views::join`
  Given a range of ranges, join them into a flattened sequence of elements. Optionally, you can specify a value or a range to be inserted between each source range.
`views::keys`
  Given a range of `pair`s (like a `std::map`), return a new range consisting of just the first element of the `pair`.
`views::linear_distribute`
  Distributes `n` values linearly in the closed interval `[from, to]` (the end points are always included). If `from == to`, returns `n`-times `to`, and if `n == 1` it returns `to`.
`views::move`
  Given a source range, return a new range where each element has been has been cast to an rvalue reference.
`views::partial_sum`
  Given a range and a binary function, return a new range where the Nth element is the result of applying the function to the Nth element from the source range and the (N-1)th element from the result range.
`views::remove`
  Given a source range and a value, filter out those elements that do not equal value.
`views::remove_if`
  Given a source range and a unary predicate, filter out those elements that do not satisfy the predicate. (For users of Boost.Range, this is like the `filter` adaptor with the predicate negated.)
`views::repeat`
  Given a value, create a range that is that value repeated infinitely.
`views::repeat_n`
  Given a value and a count, create a range that is that value repeated count number of times.
`views::replace`
  Given a source range, a source value and a target value, create a new range where all elements equal to the source value are replaced with the target value.
`views::replace_if`
  Given a source range, a unary predicate and a target value, create a new range where all elements that satisfy the predicate are replaced with the target value.
`views::reverse`
  Create a new range that traverses the source range in reverse order.
`views::sample`
  Returns a random sample of a range of length `size(range)`.
`views::single`
  Given a value, create a range with exactly one element.
`views::slice`
  Give a source range a lower bound (inclusive) and an upper bound (exclusive), create a new range that begins and ends at the specified offsets. Both the begin and the end can be integers relative to the front, or relative to the end with "`end-2`" syntax.
`views::sliding`
  Given a range and a count `n`, place a window over the first `n` elements of the underlying range. Return the contents of that window as the first element of the adapted range, then slide the window forward one element at a time until hitting the end of the underlying range.
`views::split`
  Given a source range and a delimiter specifier, split the source range into a range of ranges using the delimiter specifier to find the boundaries. The delimiter specifier can be an element or a range of elements. The elements matching the delimiter are excluded from the resulting range of ranges.
`views::split_when`
  Given a source range and a delimiter specifier, split the source range into a range of ranges using the delimiter specifier to find the boundaries. The delimiter specifier can be a predicate or a function. The predicate should take a single argument of the range's reference type and return `true` if and only if the element is part of a delimiter. The function should accept an iterator and sentinel indicating the current position and end of the source range and return `std::make_pair(true, iterator_past_the_delimiter)` if the current position is a boundary; otherwise `std::make_pair(false, ignored_iterator_value)`. The elements matching the delimiter are excluded from the resulting range of ranges.
`views::stride`
  Given a source range and an integral stride value, return a range consisting of every Nth element, starting with the first.
`views::tail`
  Given a source range, return a new range without the first element. The range must have at least one element.
`views::take`
  Given a source range and an integral count, return a range consisting of the first count elements from the source range, or the complete range if it has fewer elements. (The result of `views::take` is not a `sized_range`.)
`views::take_exactly`
  Given a source range and an integral count, return a range consisting of the first count elements from the source range. The source range must have at least that many elements. (The result of `views::take_exactly` is a `sized_range`.)
`views::take_last`
  Given a source range and an integral count, return a range consisting of the last count elements from the source range. The source range must be a `sized_range`. If the source range does not have at least count elements, the full range is returned.
`views::take_while`
  Given a source range and a unary predicate, return a new range consisting of the elements from the front that satisfy the predicate.
`views::tokenize`
  Given a source range and optionally a submatch specifier and a `std::regex_constants::match_flag_type`, return a `std::regex_token_iterator` to step through the regex submatches of the source range. The submatch specifier may be either a plain `int`, a `std::vector<int>`, or a `std::initializer_list<int>`.
`views::transform`
  Given a source range and a unary function, return a new range where each result element is the result of applying the unary function to a source element.
`views::trim`
  Given a source bidirectional range and a unary predicate, return a new range without the front and back elements that satisfy the predicate.
`views::unbounded`
  Given an iterator, return an infinite range that begins at that position.
`views::unique`
  Given a range, return a new range where all consecutive elements that compare equal save the first have been filtered out.
`views::values`
  Given a range of `pair`s (like a `std::map`), return a new range consisting of just the second element of the `pair`.
`views::zip`
  Given N ranges, return a new range where Mth element is the result of calling `make_tuple` on the Mth elements of all N ranges.
`views::zip_with`
  Given N ranges and a N-ary function, return a new range where Mth element is the result of calling the function on the Mth elements of all N ranges.

## Actions

When you want to mutate a container in-place, or forward it through a chain of mutating operations, you can use actions. The following examples should make it clear.

Read data into a vector, sort it, and make it unique.

extern std::vector<int> read_data();
using namespace ranges;
std::vector<int> vi = read_data() | actions::sort | actions::unique;

Do the same to a `vector` that already contains some data:

vi = std::move(vi) | actions::sort | actions::unique;

Mutate the container in-place:

vi |= actions::sort | actions::unique;

Same as above, but with function-call syntax instead of pipe syntax:

actions::unique(actions::sort(vi));

## List of range actions

Below is a list of the eager range combinators, or actions, that Range-v3 provides, and a blurb about how each is intended to be used.

`actions::drop`
  Removes the first `N` elements of the source range.
`actions::drop_while`
  Removes the first elements of the source range that satisfy the unary predicate.
`actions::erase`
  Removes all elements in the sub-range of the source (range version) or all elements after position.
`actions::insert`
  Inserts all elements of the range into the source at position.
`actions::join`
  Flattens a range of ranges.
`actions::push_back`
  Appends elements to the tail of the source.
`actions::push_front`
  Appends elements before the head of the source.
`actions::remove_if`
  Removes all elements from the source that satisfy the predicate.
`actions::remove`
  Removes all elements from the source that are equal to value.
`actions::reverse`
  Reverses all the elements in the container.
`actions::shuffle`
  Shuffles the source range.
`actions::slice`
  Removes all elements from the source that are not part of the sub-range.
`actions::sort`
  Sorts the source range (unstable).
`actions::split`
  Split a range into a sequence of subranges using a delimiter (a value, a sequence of values, a predicate, or a binary function returning a `pair<bool, N>`).
`actions::stable_sort`
  Sorts the source range (stable).
`actions::stride`
  Removes all elements whose position does not match the stride.
`actions::take`
  Keeps the first `N`-th elements of the range, removes the rest.
`actions::take_while`
  Keeps the first elements that satisfy the predicate, removes the rest.
`actions::transform`
  Replaces elements of the source with the result of the unary function.
`actions::unique`
  Removes adjacent elements of the source that compare equal. If the source is sorted, removes all duplicate elements.
`actions::unstable_remove_if`
  Much faster (each element remove has constant time complexity), unordered version of `remove_if`. Requires bidirectional container.

## Utilities

Below we cover some utilities that range-v3 provides for creating your own view adaptors and iterators.

### Create Custom Views with view_facade

Range-v3 provides a utility for easily creating your own range types, called `ranges::view_facade`. The code below uses `view_facade` to create a range that traverses a null-terminated string:

#include <range/v3/view/facade.hpp>
// A range that iterates over all the characters in a
// null-terminated string.
class c_string_range
: public ranges::view_facade<c_string_range>
{
friend ranges::range_access;
char const * sz_ = "";
char const & read() const { return *sz_; }
bool equal(ranges::default_sentinel_t) const { return *sz_ == '\0'; }
void next() { ++sz_; }
public:
c_string_range() = default;
explicit c_string_range(char const *sz) : sz_(sz)
{
assert(sz != nullptr);
}
};

The `view_facade` class generates an iterator and begin/end member functions from the minimal interface provided by `c_string_range`. This is an example of a very simple range for which it is not necessary to separate the range itself from the thing that iterates the range. Future examples will show examples of more sophisticated ranges.

With `c_string_range`, you can now use algorithms to operate on null-terminated strings, as below:

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
c_string_range r("hello world");
// Iterate over all the characters and print them out
ranges::for_each(r, [](char ch){
std::cout << ch << ' ';
});
// prints: h e l l o w o r l d
}

### Create Custom Views with view_adaptor

Often, a new range type is most easily expressed by adapting an existing range type. That's the case for many of the range views provided by the Range-v3 library; for example, the `views::remove_if` and `views::transform` views. These are rich types with many moving parts, but thanks to a helper class called `ranges::view_adaptor`, they aren't hard to write.

Below in roughly 2 dozen lines of code is the `transform` view, which takes one range and transforms all the elements with a unary function.

#include <range/v3/view/adaptor.hpp>
#include <range/v3/utility/semiregular_box.hpp>
// A class that adapts an existing range with a function
template<class Rng, class Fun>
class transform_view
: public ranges::view_adaptor<transform_view<Rng, Fun>, Rng>
{
friend ranges::range_access;
ranges::semiregular_box_t<Fun> fun_; // Make Fun model semiregular if it doesn't
class adaptor : public ranges::adaptor_base
{
ranges::semiregular_box_t<Fun> fun_;
public:
adaptor() = default;
adaptor(ranges::semiregular_box_t<Fun> const &fun) : fun_(fun) {}
// Here is where we apply Fun to the elements:
auto read(ranges::iterator_t<Rng> it) const -> decltype(fun_(*it))
{
return fun_(*it);
}
};
adaptor begin_adaptor() const { return {fun_}; }
adaptor end_adaptor() const { return {fun_}; }
public:
transform_view() = default;
transform_view(Rng && rng, Fun fun)
: transform_view::view_adaptor{std::forward<Rng>(rng)}
, fun_(std::move(fun))
{}
};
template<class Rng, class Fun>
transform_view<Rng, Fun> transform(Rng && rng, Fun fun)
{
return {std::forward<Rng>(rng), std::move(fun)};
}

Range transformation is achieved by defining a nested `adaptor` class that handles the transformation, and then defining `begin_adaptor` and `end_adaptor` members that return adaptors for the begin iterator and the end sentinel, respectively. The `adaptor` class has a `read` member that performs the transformation. It is passed an iterator to the current element. Other members are available for customization: `equal`, `next`, `prev`, `advance`, and `distance_to`; but the transform adaptor accepts the defaults defined in `ranges::adaptor_base`.

With `transform_view`, we can print out the first 20 squares:

int main()
{
auto squares = ::transform(views::ints(1), [](int i){return i*i;});
for(int i : squares | views::take(20))
std::cout << i << ' ';
std::cout << '\n';
// prints 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
}

The `transform_view` defined above is an input range when it is wrapping an input range, a forward range when it's wrapping a forward range, etc. That happens because of smart defaults defined in the `adaptor_base` class that frees you from having to deal with a host of niggly detail when implementing iterators.

*(Note: the above `transform_view` always stores a copy of the function in the sentinel. That is only necessary if the underlying range's sentinel type models bidirectional_iterator. That's a finer point that you shouldn't worry about right now.)*

#### view_adaptor in details

Each `view_adaptor` contains `base()` member in view and iterator. `base()` - allow to access "adapted" range/iterator:

std::vector<int> vec;
auto list = vec | views::transfom([](int i){ return i+1; });
assert( vec.begin() == list.begin().base() );
assert( vec.begin() == list.base().begin() );

Like `basic_iterator`'s `cursor`, `view_adaptor`'s `adaptor` can contain mixin class too, to inject things into the public interface of the iterator:

class adaptor : public ranges::adaptor_base
{
template<class BaseMixin>
struct mixin : BaseMixin
{
// everything inside this class will be accessible from iterator
using BaseMixin::BaseMixin;
auto& base_value() const
{
return *this->base();
}
int get_i() const
{
return this->get().i;
}
};
int i = 100;
};

From within mixin you can call:

- `get()` - to access adaptor internals
- `base()` - to access adaptable iterator

Iterator/sentinel adaptor may "override" the following members:

class adaptor : public ranges::adaptor_base
{
// !For begin_adaptor only!
template<typename Rng>
constexpr auto begin(Rng &rng)
{
return ranges::begin(rng.base());
}
// !For end_adaptor only!
template<typename Rng>
constexpr auto end(Rng &rng)
{
return ranges::end(rng.base());
}
template<typename I>
bool equal(I const &this_iter, I const &that_iter) const
{
return this_iter == that_iter;
}
// or
template<typename I>
bool equal(I const &this_iter, I const &that_iter, adaptor const &that_adapt) const
{
return
*this.some_value == that_adapt.some_value
&& this_iter == that_iter;
}
// !For end_adaptor only!
// Same as equal, but compare iterator with sentinel.
// Not used, if iterator same as sentinel, and both have the same adaptor.
template<typename I, typename S>
constexpr bool empty(I const &it, S const &end) const
{
return it == end;
}
// or
template<typename I, typename S, typename SA>
constexpr bool empty(I const &it, S const &end, SA const &end_adapt) const
{
return
*this.some_value == end_adapt.some_value
&& it == end;
}
template<typename I>
reference_t<I> read(I const &it)
{
return *it;
}
template<typename I>
void next(I &it)
{
++it;
}
// !For bidirectional iterator only!
template<typename I>
void prev(I &it)
{
--it;
}
// !For random access iterator only!
template<typename I>
void advance(I &it, difference_type_t<I> n)
{
it += n;
}
// !For "sized" iterators only!
template<typename I>
difference_type_t<I> distance_to(I const &this_iter, I const &that_iter)
{
return that_iter - this_iter;
}
// or
template<typename I>
difference_type_t<I> distance_to
(I const &this_iter, I const &that_iter, adaptor const &that_adapt)
{
return that_iter - this_iter;
}
}

As you can see, some "overrides" have effect only for `begin_adaptor` or `end_adaptor`. In order to use full potential of adaptor, you need to have separate adaptors for begin and end:

struct adaptor : adaptor_base
{
int n = 0;
void next(iterator_t<Rng>& it)
{
++n;
++it;
}
};
struct sentinel_adaptor : adaptor_base
{
int stop_at;
bool empty(const iterator_t<Rng>&, const adaptor& ia, const sentinel_t<Rng>& s) const
{
return ia.n == stop_at;
}
};
adaptor begin_adaptor() const { return {}; }
sentinel_adaptor end_adaptor() const { return {100}; }

Sometimes, you can use the same adaptor for both `begin_adaptor` and `end_adaptor`:

struct adaptor : adaptor_base
{
int n = 0;
void next(iterator_t<Rng>& it)
{
++n;
++it;
}
// pay attention, we use equal, not empty. empty() will never trigger.
template<typename I>
bool equal(I const &this_iter, I const &that_iter, adaptor const &that_adapt) const
{
return *this.n == that_adapt.n;
}
};
adaptor begin_adaptor() const { return {}; }
adaptor end_adaptor() const { return {100}; }

Note that all the data you store in the adaptor will become part of the iterator.

If you will not "override" `begin_adaptor()` or/and `end_adaptor()` in your view_adaptor, default ones will be used.

### Create Custom Iterators with basic_iterator

Here is an example of Range-v3 compatible random access proxy iterator. The iterator returns a key/value pair, like the `zip` view.

#include <range/v3/iterator/basic_iterator.hpp>
#include <range/v3/utility/common_tuple.hpp>
using KeyIter = typename std::vector<Key>::iterator;
using ValueIter = typename std::vector<Value>::iterator;
struct cursor
{
// basic_iterator derives from "mixin", if present, so it can be used
// to inject things into the public interface of the iterator
struct mixin;
// This is for dereference operator.
using value_type = std::pair<Key, Value>;
ranges::common_pair<Key&, Value&> read() const
{
return { *key_iterator, *value_iterator };
}
bool equal(const cursor& other) const
{
return key_iterator == other.key_iterator;
}
void next()
{
++key_iterator;
++value_iterator;
}
// prev optional. Required for Bidirectional iterator
void prev()
{
--key_iterator;
--value_iterator;
}
// advance and distance_to are optional. Required for random access iterator
void advance(std::ptrdiff_t n)
{
key_iterator += n;
value_iterator += n;
}
std::ptrdiff_t distance_to(const cursor& other) const
{
return other.key_iterator - this->key_iterator;
}
cursor() = default;
cursor(KeyIter key_iterator, ValueIter value_iterator)
: key_iterator(key_iterator)
, value_iterator(value_iterator)
{}
KeyIter key_iterator;
ValueIter value_iterator;
};
struct cursor::mixin : ranges::basic_mixin<cursor>
{
using ranges::basic_mixin<cursor>::basic_mixin;
// It is necessary to expose constructor in this way
mixin(KeyIter key_iterator, ValueIter value_iterator)
: mixin{ cursor(key_iterator, value_iterator) }
{}
KeyIter key_iterator()
{
return this->get().key_iterator;
}
ValueIter value_iterator()
{
return this->get().value_iterator;
}
};
using iterator = ranges::basic_iterator<cursor>;
void test()
{
std::vector<Key> keys = {1};
std::vector<Value> values = {10};
iterator iter(keys.begin(), values.begin());
ranges::common_pair<Key&, Value&> pair = *iter;
Key& key = pair.first;
Value& value = pair.second;
assert(&key == &keys[0]);
assert(&value == &values[0]);
auto key_iter = iter.key_iterator();
assert(key_iter == keys.begin());
}

`read()` returns references. But the default for `value_type`, which is `decay_t<decltype(read())>`, is `common_pair<Key&, Value&>`. That is not correct in our case. It should be `pair<Key, Value>`, so we explicitly specify `value_type`.

`ranges::common_pair` has conversions:

> `ranges::common_pair<Key&, Value&>` ↔ `ranges::common_pair<Key, Value>`.

All `ranges::common_pair`s converts to their `std::pair` equivalents, also.

For more information, see http://wg21.link/P0186#basic-iterators-iterators.basic

## Concept Checking

The Range-v3 library makes heavy use of concepts to constrain functions, control overloading, and check type constraints at compile-time. It achieves this with the help of a Concepts emulation layer that works on any standard-conforming C++14 compiler. The library provides many useful concepts, both for the core language and for iterators and ranges. You can use the concepts framework to constrain your own code.

For instance, if you would like to write a function that takes an iterator/sentinel pair, you can write it like this:

CPP_template(class Iter, class Sent, class Comp = /*...some_default..*/)
(requires sentinel_for<Sent, Iter>)
void my_algorithm(Iter first, Sent last, Comp comp = Comp{})
{
// ...
}

You can then add an overload that take a Range:

CPP_template(class Rng, class Comp = /*...some_default..*/)
(requires range<Rng>)
void my_algorithm(Rng && rng, Comp comp = Comp{})
{
return my_algorithm(ranges::begin(rng), ranges::end(rng));
}

With the type constraints expressed with the `CPP_template` macro, these two overloads are guaranteed to not be ambiguous. When compiling with C++20 concepts support, this uses real concept checks. On legacy compilers, it falls back to using `std::enable_if`.

## Range-v3 and the Future

Range-v3 formed the basis for the Technical Specification on Ranges, which has since been merged into the working draft of C++20.

In addition, a subset of range-v3's views are also a part of the C++20 working draft, with more slated for eventual inclusion in future versions of C++.

The actions, as well as various utilities, have not yet been reviewed by the Committee, although the basic direction has already passed an initial review.

ranges::adaptor_base::prev
static void prev(I &it)
Definition: adaptor.hpp:149
ranges::adaptor_base::equal
static bool equal(I const &it0, I const &it1)
Definition: adaptor.hpp:126
meta::empty
bool_< 0==size< L >::type::value > empty
An Boolean integral constant wrapper around true if L is an empty type list; false,...
Definition: meta.hpp:1824
ranges::basic_mixin
Definition: basic_iterator.hpp:38
ranges::next
constexpr next_fn next
Definition: operations.hpp:181
meta::for_each
constexpr detail::for_each_fn for_each
for_each(L, Fn) calls the Fn for each argument in the L.
Definition: meta.hpp:2328
ranges::adaptor_base::read
static iter_reference_t< I > read(I const &it, detail::adaptor_base_current_mem_fn={}) noexcept(noexcept(iter_reference_t< I >(*it)))
Definition: adaptor.hpp:133
meta::accumulate
fold< L, State, Fn > accumulate
An alias for meta::fold.
Definition: meta.hpp:1229
ranges::adaptor_base::empty
static constexpr bool empty(I const &it, S const &last)
Definition: adaptor.hpp:170
basic_iterator.hpp
facade.hpp
ranges::adaptor_base::next
static void next(I &it)
Definition: adaptor.hpp:142
ranges::adaptor_base
Definition: adaptor.hpp:102
ranges::adaptor_base::advance
static void advance(I &it, iter_difference_t< I > n)
Definition: adaptor.hpp:156
meta::pair
list< F, S > pair
A list with exactly two elements.
Definition: meta.hpp:1839
ranges::view_facade
A utility for constructing a view from a (derived) type that implements begin and end cursors.
Definition: range_fwd.hpp:426
ranges::equal
constexpr bool equal(I0 begin0, S0 end0, I1 begin1, C pred=C{}, P0 proj0=P0{}, P1 proj1=P1{})
function template equal
Definition: equal.hpp:54
ranges::remove_if
I remove_if(I first, S last, C pred, P proj=P{})
function template remove_if
Definition: remove_if.hpp:41
ranges::default_sentinel_t
Definition: default_sentinel.hpp:24
ranges::adaptor_base::distance_to
static iter_difference_t< I > distance_to(I const &it0, I const &it1)
Definition: adaptor.hpp:163
meta::first
front< Pair > first
Retrieve the first element of the pair Pair.
Definition: meta.hpp:1844
ranges::view_adaptor
Definition: range_fwd.hpp:430
ranges::end
constexpr _end_::fn end
Definition: access.hpp:326
ranges::begin
constexpr _begin_::fn begin
Definition: access.hpp:181
meta::sort
_t< detail::sort_< L, Fn > > sort
Return a new meta::list that is sorted according to invocable predicate Fn.
Definition: meta.hpp:2722
unique
constexpr action_closure< unique_fn > unique
Definition: unique.hpp:58
ranges::cpp20::transform_view
ranges::transform_view< Rng, F > transform_view
Definition: transform.hpp:544
ranges::basic_iterator
Definition: basic_iterator.hpp:514
adaptor.hpp
common_tuple.hpp
semiregular_box.hpp
meta::repeat_n
repeat_n_c< N::type::value, T > repeat_n
Generate list<T,T,T...T> of size N arguments.
Definition: meta.hpp:1504
ranges::aux::move
constexpr move_fn move
Definition: move.hpp:49
ranges::advance
constexpr advance_fn advance
Definition: operations.hpp:144
ranges::common_pair
Definition: common_tuple.hpp:282
meta::transform
_t< detail::transform_< Args... > > transform
Return a new meta::list constructed by transforming all the elements in L with the unary invocable Fn...
Definition: meta.hpp:1457
ranges::prev
constexpr prev_fn prev
Definition: operations.hpp:211