Second hard drive not recognized

in terminal, type

mount

and see what happens

if you use gnome, the filemanager will automatically mount the drive if it's ntfs or fat.

You can't mount /dev/sda as it is a disk. You don't mount disks as windows incorrectly makes you think. You mount partitions.

Can you please give the output of:

sudo fdisk -l

Once you get the partition mounted, you can access the data.

When I type mount I get:

/dev/sdb1 on / type ext4 (rw,commit=0)
none on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw)
none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw)
none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw)
none on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755)
none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620)
none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755)
none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
/home/scott/.Private on /home/scott type ecryptfs (ecryptfs_sig=9548545a38a99565,ecryptfs_fnek_sig=cdd0ad21bafc559b,ecryptfs_cipher=aes,ecryptfs_key_bytes=16)
gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/scott/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=scott)

And when I type sudo fdisk -l I get:

Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x61bdd591

   Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 9729 78148161 42 SFS

Disk /dev/sdb: 200.0 GB, 200049647616 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 24321 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000e95e1

   Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 * 1 23667 190097408 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 23667 24322 5261313 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 23667 24322 5261312 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Make a /media/Backup folder, set its properties as you are owner.
Try
   sudo mount -t ntfs /dev/sda1 /media/Backup
if it fails, try
   sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/Backup
If it fails again, report error messages.

They both failed.

scott@bassboy444:~$ sudo mount -t ntfs /dev/sda1 /media/Backup
[sudo] password for scott:
NTFS signature is missing.
Failed to mount '/dev/sda1': Invalid argument
The device '/dev/sda1' doesn't seem to have a valid NTFS.
Maybe the wrong device is used? Or the whole disk instead of a
partition (e.g. /dev/sda, not /dev/sda1)? Or the other way around?
scott@bassboy444:~$ sudo mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /media/Backup
NTFS signature is missing.
Failed to mount '/dev/sda1': Invalid argument
The device '/dev/sda1' doesn't seem to have a valid NTFS.
Maybe the wrong device is used? Or the whole disk instead of a
partition (e.g. /dev/sda, not /dev/sda1)? Or the other way around?

After some googling, it appears SFS are Windows dynamic disks.
It's the Windows equivalent of LVM in Linux.
It seems Windows dynamic disks are not managed by Linux distros.
You will have to convert dynamic disk to basic disk to use it. Unfortunetely, one thread say it can be done only from original installation of Windows on original computer. This conversion is a Windows issue, and you will have to request help on a Windows forum.

How can you tell it is an SFS disk? Is there another way since I already installed Ubunutu over my old operating system?

How can you tell it is an SFS disk? It is written in partition table you provided.
Is there another way since I already installed Ubunutu over my old operating system? It's a Window's problem, and a very technical one. Sorry, I can't help. You should go on Windows forum.