No sound output device ubuntu 16.04 LTS

Asked by Josh

Hey everyone!

This is my first post here becasue i'm a new ubuntu user. I just installed Ubuntu 16.04 a couple months ago as a dual boot with windows vista and it is a great os except for the fact that i havent been able to get the sound to work at all. I have tried a bunch of tutorials online but none of them seem to work. I would try and troubleshoot it myself but am a new user so i dont know how to use terminal very well.
Anyways, the issue is that the sound wont work at all, its not just crackling like ive discovered is a common problem. when i go into the sound settings under system settings, there are no output devices listed, even though there is a headphones jack in the front of the machine and another in the back. i know they both work because the sound works fine on the vista partition. so, i assume it is just a problem of Ubuntu not detecting the sound card, but again, as a new user, i have no idea how to fix that.
I have tried the tutorials that have you restart alsa or pulse or force stop them or whatever but none of them work. Im currently on the official sound troubleshooting one at the point where it says to post the output of the first diagnostic command, so im doing that, but i would also appreciate any other alternatives.

Here is the output:
!!################################
!!ALSA Information Script v 0.4.64
!!################################

!!Script ran on: Fri Aug 12 15:58:36 UTC 2016

!!Linux Distribution
!!------------------

Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS \n \l DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS" NAME="Ubuntu" ID=ubuntu ID_LIKE=debian PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS" HOME_URL="http://www.ubuntu.com/" SUPPORT_URL="http://help.ubuntu.com/" BUG_REPORT_URL="http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/" UBUNTU_CODENAME=xenial

!!DMI Information
!!---------------

Manufacturer: Hewlett-Packard
Product Name: HP xw6600 Workstation
Product Version:
Firmware Version: 786F4 v01.27

!!Kernel Information
!!------------------

Kernel release: 4.4.0-34-generic
Operating System: GNU/Linux
Architecture: x86_64
Processor: x86_64
SMP Enabled: Yes

!!ALSA Version
!!------------

Driver version: k4.4.0-34-generic
Library version: 1.1.0
Utilities version: 1.1.0

!!Loaded ALSA modules
!!-------------------

snd_hda_intel

!!Sound Servers on this system
!!----------------------------

Pulseaudio:
      Installed - Yes (/usr/bin/pulseaudio)
      Running - Yes

!!Soundcards recognised by ALSA
!!-----------------------------

 0 [NVidia ]: HDA-Intel - HDA NVidia
                      HDA NVidia at 0xd3000000 irq 29

!!PCI Soundcards installed in the system
!!--------------------------------------

80:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation Device 0fbc (rev a1)

!!Advanced information - PCI Vendor/Device/Subsystem ID's
!!-------------------------------------------------------

80:00.1 0403: 10de:0fbc (rev a1)
 Subsystem: 3842:3753

!!Modprobe options (Sound related)
!!--------------------------------

snd_pcsp: index=-2
snd_usb_audio: index=-2
snd_atiixp_modem: index=-2
snd_intel8x0m: index=-2
snd_via82xx_modem: index=-2
snd_atiixp_modem: index=-2
snd_intel8x0m: index=-2
snd_via82xx_modem: index=-2
snd_usb_audio: index=-2
snd_usb_caiaq: index=-2
snd_usb_ua101: index=-2
snd_usb_us122l: index=-2
snd_usb_usx2y: index=-2
snd_cmipci: mpu_port=0x330 fm_port=0x388
snd_pcsp: index=-2
snd_usb_audio: index=-2

!!Loaded sound module options
!!---------------------------

!!Module: snd_hda_intel
 align_buffer_size : -1
 bdl_pos_adj : 32,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
 beep_mode : N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N,N
 enable : Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y,Y
 enable_msi : -1
 id : (null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null)
 index : -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
 jackpoll_ms : 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
 model : (null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null)
 patch : (null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null)
 position_fix : -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
 power_save : 0
 power_save_controller : Y
 probe_mask : -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
 probe_only : 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
 single_cmd : N
 snoop : -1

!!HDA-Intel Codec information
!!---------------------------
--startcollapse--

Codec: Nvidia GPU 60 HDMI/DP
Address: 0
AFG Function Id: 0x1 (unsol 0)
Vendor Id: 0x10de0060
Subsystem Id: 0x38423753
Revision Id: 0x100100
No Modem Function Group found
Default PCM:
    rates [0x0]:
    bits [0x0]:
    formats [0x0]:
Default Amp-In caps: N/A
Default Amp-Out caps: N/A
State of AFG node 0x01:
  Power states: D0 D1 D2 D3 CLKSTOP EPSS
  Power: setting=D0, actual=D0
GPIO: io=0, o=0, i=0, unsolicited=0, wake=0
Node 0x04 [Pin Complex] wcaps 0x407381: 8-Channels Digital CP
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Con Mask", index=0, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Pro Mask", index=0, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Default", index=0, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Switch", index=0, device=0
  Control: name="ELD", index=0, device=3
  Pincap 0x09000094: OUT Detect HBR HDMI DP
  Pin Default 0x185600f0: [Jack] Digital Out at Int HDMI
    Conn = Digital, Color = Unknown
    DefAssociation = 0xf, Sequence = 0x0
  Pin-ctls: 0x40: OUT
  Unsolicited: tag=01, enabled=1
  Connection: 4
     0x08* 0x09 0x0a 0x0b
Node 0x05 [Pin Complex] wcaps 0x407381: 8-Channels Digital CP
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Con Mask", index=1, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Pro Mask", index=1, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Default", index=1, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Switch", index=1, device=0
  Control: name="ELD", index=0, device=7
  Pincap 0x09000094: OUT Detect HBR HDMI DP
  Pin Default 0x185600f0: [Jack] Digital Out at Int HDMI
    Conn = Digital, Color = Unknown
    DefAssociation = 0xf, Sequence = 0x0
  Pin-ctls: 0x00:
  Unsolicited: tag=02, enabled=1
  Connection: 4
     0x08* 0x09 0x0a 0x0b
Node 0x06 [Pin Complex] wcaps 0x407381: 8-Channels Digital CP
  Pincap 0x09000094: OUT Detect HBR HDMI DP
  Pin Default 0x585600f0: [N/A] Digital Out at Int HDMI
    Conn = Digital, Color = Unknown
    DefAssociation = 0xf, Sequence = 0x0
  Pin-ctls: 0x00:
  Unsolicited: tag=00, enabled=0
  Connection: 4
     0x08* 0x09 0x0a 0x0b
Node 0x07 [Pin Complex] wcaps 0x407381: 8-Channels Digital CP
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Con Mask", index=2, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Pro Mask", index=2, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Default", index=2, device=0
  Control: name="IEC958 Playback Switch", index=2, device=0
  Control: name="ELD", index=0, device=8
  Pincap 0x09000094: OUT Detect HBR HDMI DP
  Pin Default 0x185600f0: [Jack] Digital Out at Int HDMI
    Conn = Digital, Color = Unknown
    DefAssociation = 0xf, Sequence = 0x0
  Pin-ctls: 0x00:
  Unsolicited: tag=03, enabled=1
  Connection: 4
     0x08* 0x09 0x0a 0x0b
Node 0x08 [Audio Output] wcaps 0x62b1: 8-Channels Digital Stripe
  Device: name="HDMI 0", type="HDMI", device=3
  Converter: stream=5, channel=0
  Digital: Enabled GenLevel
  Digital category: 0x2
  IEC Coding Type: 0x0
  PCM:
    rates [0x7f0]: 32000 44100 48000 88200 96000 176400 192000
    bits [0xe]: 16 20 24
    formats [0x5]: PCM AC3
  Unsolicited: tag=00, enabled=0
Node 0x09 [Audio Output] wcaps 0x62b1: 8-Channels Digital Stripe
  Converter: stream=0, channel=0
  Digital:
  Digital category: 0x0
  IEC Coding Type: 0x0
  PCM:
    rates [0x7f0]: 32000 44100 48000 88200 96000 176400 192000
    bits [0xe]: 16 20 24
    formats [0x5]: PCM AC3
  Unsolicited: tag=00, enabled=0
Node 0x0a [Audio Output] wcaps 0x62b1: 8-Channels Digital Stripe
  Converter: stream=0, channel=0
  Digital:
  Digital category: 0x0
  IEC Coding Type: 0x0
  PCM:
    rates [0x7f0]: 32000 44100 48000 88200 96000 176400 192000
    bits [0xe]: 16 20 24
    formats [0x5]: PCM AC3
  Unsolicited: tag=00, enabled=0
Node 0x0b [Audio Output] wcaps 0x62b1: 8-Channels Digital Stripe
  Converter: stream=0, channel=0
  Digital:
  Digital category: 0x0
  IEC Coding Type: 0x0
  PCM:
    rates [0x7f0]: 32000 44100 48000 88200 96000 176400 192000
    bits [0xe]: 16 20 24
    formats [0x5]: PCM AC3
  Unsolicited: tag=00, enabled=0
--endcollapse--

!!ALSA Device nodes
!!-----------------

crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 2 Aug 12 08:56 /dev/snd/controlC0
crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 6 Aug 12 08:56 /dev/snd/hwC0D0
crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 3 Aug 12 08:57 /dev/snd/pcmC0D3p
crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 4 Aug 12 08:56 /dev/snd/pcmC0D7p
crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 5 Aug 12 08:56 /dev/snd/pcmC0D8p
crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 1 Aug 12 08:56 /dev/snd/seq
crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 33 Aug 12 08:56 /dev/snd/timer

/dev/snd/by-path:
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 60 Aug 12 08:56 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 200 Aug 12 08:56 ..
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Aug 12 08:56 pci-0000:80:00.1 -> ../controlC0

!!Aplay/Arecord output
!!--------------------

APLAY

**** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 3: HDMI 0 [HDMI 0]
  Subdevices: 0/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 7: HDMI 1 [HDMI 1]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
card 0: NVidia [HDA NVidia], device 8: HDMI 2 [HDMI 2]
  Subdevices: 1/1
  Subdevice #0: subdevice #0

ARECORD

**** List of CAPTURE Hardware Devices ****

!!Amixer output
!!-------------

!!-------Mixer controls for card 0 [NVidia]

Card hw:0 'NVidia'/'HDA NVidia at 0xd3000000 irq 29'
  Mixer name : 'Nvidia GPU 60 HDMI/DP'
  Components : 'HDA:10de0060,38423753,00100100'
  Controls : 21
  Simple ctrls : 3
Simple mixer control 'IEC958',0
  Capabilities: pswitch pswitch-joined
  Playback channels: Mono
  Mono: Playback [on]
Simple mixer control 'IEC958',1
  Capabilities: pswitch pswitch-joined
  Playback channels: Mono
  Mono: Playback [on]
Simple mixer control 'IEC958',2
  Capabilities: pswitch pswitch-joined
  Playback channels: Mono
  Mono: Playback [on]

!!Alsactl output
!!--------------

--startcollapse--
state.NVidia {
 control.1 {
  iface CARD
  name 'HDMI/DP,pcm=3 Jack'
  value false
  comment {
   access read
   type BOOLEAN
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.2 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Con Mask'
  value '0fff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access read
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.3 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Pro Mask'
  value '0f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access read
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.4 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Default'
  value '0482000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access 'read write locked'
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.5 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Switch'
  value true
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type BOOLEAN
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.6 {
  iface PCM
  device 3
  name ELD
  value ''
  comment {
   access 'read volatile'
   type BYTES
   count 0
  }
 }
 control.7 {
  iface CARD
  name 'HDMI/DP,pcm=7 Jack'
  value false
  comment {
   access read
   type BOOLEAN
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.8 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Con Mask'
  index 1
  value '0fff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access read
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.9 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Pro Mask'
  index 1
  value '0f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access read
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.10 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Default'
  index 1
  value '0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.11 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Switch'
  index 1
  value true
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type BOOLEAN
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.12 {
  iface PCM
  device 7
  name ELD
  value ''
  comment {
   access 'read volatile'
   type BYTES
   count 0
  }
 }
 control.13 {
  iface CARD
  name 'HDMI/DP,pcm=8 Jack'
  value false
  comment {
   access read
   type BOOLEAN
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.14 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Con Mask'
  index 2
  value '0fff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access read
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.15 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Pro Mask'
  index 2
  value '0f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access read
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.16 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Default'
  index 2
  value '0400000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type IEC958
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.17 {
  iface MIXER
  name 'IEC958 Playback Switch'
  index 2
  value true
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type BOOLEAN
   count 1
  }
 }
 control.18 {
  iface PCM
  device 8
  name ELD
  value ''
  comment {
   access 'read volatile'
   type BYTES
   count 0
  }
 }
 control.19 {
  iface PCM
  device 3
  name 'Playback Channel Map'
  value.0 3
  value.1 4
  value.2 0
  value.3 0
  value.4 0
  value.5 0
  value.6 0
  value.7 0
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type INTEGER
   count 8
   range '0 - 36'
  }
 }
 control.20 {
  iface PCM
  device 7
  name 'Playback Channel Map'
  value.0 0
  value.1 0
  value.2 0
  value.3 0
  value.4 0
  value.5 0
  value.6 0
  value.7 0
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type INTEGER
   count 8
   range '0 - 36'
  }
 }
 control.21 {
  iface PCM
  device 8
  name 'Playback Channel Map'
  value.0 0
  value.1 0
  value.2 0
  value.3 0
  value.4 0
  value.5 0
  value.6 0
  value.7 0
  comment {
   access 'read write'
   type INTEGER
   count 8
   range '0 - 36'
  }
 }
}
--endcollapse--

!!All Loaded Modules
!!------------------

Module
nvidia_uvm
nvidia_modeset
snd_hda_codec_hdmi
nvidia
snd_hda_intel
snd_hda_codec
snd_hda_core
snd_hwdep
snd_pcm
snd_seq_midi
snd_seq_midi_event
hp_wmi
gpio_ich
sparse_keymap
snd_rawmidi
snd_seq
coretemp
snd_seq_device
snd_timer
joydev
input_leds
kvm
drm
snd
soundcore
irqbypass
lpc_ich
i5400_edac
serio_raw
wmi
edac_core
shpchp
i5k_amb
8250_fintek
mac_hid
parport_pc
ppdev
lp
parport
autofs4
hid_generic
usbhid
hid
psmouse
mptsas
mptscsih
mptbase
tg3
scsi_transport_sas
ptp
pps_core
pata_acpi
floppy
fjes

!!Sysfs Files
!!-----------

/sys/class/sound/hwC0D0/init_pin_configs:
0x04 0x185600f0
0x05 0x185600f0
0x06 0x585600f0
0x07 0x185600f0

/sys/class/sound/hwC0D0/driver_pin_configs:

/sys/class/sound/hwC0D0/user_pin_configs:

/sys/class/sound/hwC0D0/init_verbs:

/sys/class/sound/hwC0D0/hints:

!!ALSA/HDA dmesg
!!--------------

[ 13.749307] input: HP WMI hotkeys as /devices/virtual/input/input8
[ 13.896780] snd_hda_intel 0000:80:00.1: Disabling MSI
[ 13.896810] snd_hda_intel 0000:80:00.1: Handle vga_switcheroo audio client
[ 13.990694] audit: type=1400 audit(1471017369.357:2): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/bin/ubuntu-core-launcher" pid=2120 comm="apparmor_parser"
--
[ 14.333554] nvidia-modeset: Loading NVIDIA Kernel Mode Setting Driver for UNIX platforms 361.42 Tue Mar 22 17:29:54 PDT 2016
[ 14.381673] input: HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=3 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0/0000:80:00.1/sound/card0/input9
[ 14.381909] input: HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=7 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0/0000:80:00.1/sound/card0/input10
[ 14.382085] input: HDA NVidia HDMI/DP,pcm=8 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0/0000:80:00.1/sound/card0/input11
[ 14.417811] nvidia-uvm: Loaded the UVM driver in lite mode, major device number 244

Any help would be greatly appreciated! Thank you!

Question information

Language:
English Edit question
Status:
Answered
For:
Ubuntu alsa-driver Edit question
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Last reply:
Revision history for this message
Josh (josh-forsythe) said :
#1

Ok, so update time! I booted into the vista partition just now to try and gather info about the sound device, only to discover that the sound had stopped working there too! >:0 I hadnt gone onto vista for a while so it could have stopped working at any point. the only thing i know is that it worked when i installed ubuntu but it doesnt now. i thought it might be a hardware problem (really hoping its not) so i checked the connections to the headphones and the internal speaker and they all seemed fine... i still dont know though.

Any help is greatly appreciated!

Revision history for this message
actionparsnip (andrew-woodhead666) said :
#2

Do you get sound in headphones?

Revision history for this message
Josh (josh-forsythe) said :
#3

No i dont get any sound from anything, speakers headphones or otherwise on either of the partitions.

Revision history for this message
Mark Rijckenberg (markrijckenberg) said :
#4

I suggest upgrading to the newest BIOS version (1.46) using this link:

http://h20564.www2.hp.com/hpsc/swd/public/readIndex?sp4ts.oid=3432824&swLangOid=8&swEnvOid=4016

Then make sure that audio is enabled in the BIOS....

Then retest sound output using headphones and speakers.

Test ALL audio jacks at the front and the back of your PC.

Can you help with this problem?

Provide an answer of your own, or ask Josh for more information if necessary.

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