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# Formatted Printing Functions.

Variations of formatted printing functions. More...

## Functions

int | trio_printf (const char *format,...)
| Print to standard output stream.
int | trio_vprintf (const char *format, va_list args)
| Print to standard output stream.
int | trio_printfv (const char *format, trio_pointer_t *args)
| Print to standard output stream.
int | trio_fprintf (FILE *file, const char *format,...)
| Print to file.
int | trio_vfprintf (FILE *file, const char *format, va_list args)
| Print to file.
int | trio_fprintfv (FILE *file, const char *format, trio_pointer_t *args)
| Print to file.
int | trio_dprintf (int fd, const char *format,...)
| Print to file descriptor.
int | trio_vdprintf (int fd, const char *format, va_list args)
| Print to file descriptor.
int | trio_dprintfv (int fd, const char *format, trio_pointer_t *args)
| Print to file descriptor.
int | trio_sprintf (char *buffer, const char *format,...)
| Print to string.
int | trio_vsprintf (char *buffer, const char *format, va_list args)
| Print to string.
int | trio_sprintfv (char *buffer, const char *format, trio_pointer_t *args)
| Print to string.
int | trio_snprintf (char *buffer, size_t max, const char *format,...)
| Print at most `max` characters to string.
int | trio_vsnprintf (char *buffer, size_t max, const char *format, va_list args)
| Print at most `max` characters to string.
int | trio_snprintfv (char *buffer, size_t max, const char *format, trio_pointer_t *args)
| Print at most `max` characters to string.
int | trio_asprintf (char **result, const char *format,...)
| Allocate and print to string.
int | trio_vasprintf (char **result, const char *format, va_list args)
| Allocate and print to string.
int | trio_asprintfv (char **result, const char *format, trio_pointer_t *args)
| Allocate and print to string.

## Detailed Description

Variations of formatted printing functions.

SYNOPSIS

    cc ... -ltrio -lm

    #include <trio.h>

DESCRIPTION

This documentation is incomplete. The documentation of the printf family in [C99] and [UNIX98] also applies to the trio counterparts.

All these functions outputs a string which is formatted according to the `format` string and the consecutive arguments. The `format` string is described in the Formatting section below.

Formatted Printing Functions., Formatted Printing Functions., and Formatted Printing Functions. writes the output to the standard output stream (stdout).

Formatted Printing Functions., Formatted Printing Functions., and Formatted Printing Functions. writes the output to a given output stream.

Formatted Printing Functions., Formatted Printing Functions., and Formatted Printing Functions. writes the output to a file descriptor (this includes, for example, sockets).

Formatted Printing Functions., Formatted Printing Functions., and Formatted Printing Functions. writes the output into `buffer`.

Formatted Printing Functions., Formatted Printing Functions., and Formatted Printing Functions. writes `max` - 1 characters into `buffer` followed by a terminating zero character. If `max` is 1, then `buffer` will be an empty string. If `max` is 0, then `buffer` is left untouched, and can consequently be NULL. The number of characters that would have been written to `buffer`, had there been sufficient space, is returned.

trio_snprintfcat appends the formatted text at the end of `buffer`.

Formatted Printing Functions., Formatted Printing Functions., and Formatted Printing Functions. allocates and returns an allocated string in `buffer` containing the formatted text.

FORMATTING

The `format` string can contain normal text and conversion indicators. The normal text can be any character except the nil character (\000 = '\0') and the percent character (\045 = '%'). Conversion indicators consists of an indication character (%), followed by zero or more conversion modifiers, and exactly one conversion specifier.

Modifiers

Some modifiers exhibit the same behaviour for all specifiers, other modifiers indicate different behaviours for different specifiers, and other modifiers are only applicable to certain specifiers. The relationship is described for each modifier. The number 9 is used to denotes an arbitrary integer.

Positional ( `9$` ) [UNIX98]

Normally the arguments supplied to these functions are interpreted incrementially from left to right. Arguments can be referenced specifically in the format string. The modifier n$ selects the nth argument. The first argument is referred as 1$. If this modifier is used, it must be the first modifier after the indication character. n$ can also be used for argument width, precision, and base.

The performance penalty of using positionals is almost neglible (contrary to most other printf implementations).

- Reference Mix. Mixing normal and positional specifiers is allowed [TRIO]. For example,

        trio_printf("%d %3$d %2$d\n", 1, 2, 3);

  results in

        1 3 2

  Arguments for the printf family are passed on the stack. On most platforms it is not possible to determine the size of individual stack elements, so it is essential that the format string corresponds exactly to the passed arguments. If this is not the case, incorrect values may be put into the result.

- Reference Gap. For the same reason it is also essential that the format string does not contain any "gaps" in the positional arguments. For example,

        trio_printf("%1$d %3$d\n", 1, 2, 3);

  is NOT allowed. The format string parser has no knowledge about whether the second argument is, say, an integer or a long double (which have different sizes).

  [UNIX98] describes this as unspecified behaviour. [TRIO] will detect reference gaps and return an error.

- Double Reference. It is also not allowed to reference an argument twice or more. For example,

        trio_printf("%1$d %1$lf\n", 1);

  is NOT allowed, because it references the first argument as two differently sized objects.

  [UNIX98] describes this as unspecified behaviour. [TRIO] will detect double references and return an error.

The following two statements are equivalent

      trio_printf("|%d %s\n|", 42, "meanings");
      |42 meanings|

      trio_printf("|%1$d %2$s|\n", 42, "meanings");
      |42 meanings|

Width ( `9` )

Specifies the minimum width of a field. If the fields has less characters than specified by the width, the field will be left adjusted and padded by spaces. The adjustment and padding can be changed by the Alignment ( `-` ) and Padding ( `0` ) modifiers.

The width is specified as a number. If an asterix ( `*` ) is used instead, the width will be read from the argument list.

Prefixes, such as 0x for hexadecimal integers, are part of width.

      trio_printf("|%10i|\n", 42);
      |        42|

Precision ( .`9` )

The precision has different semantics for the various data types. The precision specifies the maximum number of printed characters for strings, the number of digits after the decimal-point for floating-point numbers, the number of significant digits for the `g` (and `G)` representation of floating-point numbers, the minimum number of printed digits for integers.

      trio_printf("|%10.8i|%.8i|\n", 42, 42);
      |  00000042|00000042|

Base ( ..`9` ) [TRIO]

Sets the base that the associated integer must be converted to. The base can be between 2 and 36 (both included).

      trio_printf("|%10.8.2i|%10..2i|%..2i|\n", 42, 42, 42);
      |  00101010|    101010|101010|

      trio_printf("|%*.8.*i|\n", 10, 2, 42);
      |  00101010|

Padding ( `0` )

Integer and floating point numbers are prepended by zeros. The number of leading zeros are determined by the precision. If precision is not present, width is used instead.

Short ( `h` )

Integer arguments are read as an ( `unsigned` ) `short` `int`. String and character arguments are read as `char` `*` and `char` respectively.

Short short ( `hh` ) [C99, GNU]

The argument is read as an ( `unsigned` ) `char`.

Fixed Size ( `I` ) [MSVC]

The argument is read as a fixed sized integer. The modifier is followed by a number, which specifies the number of bits in the integer, and can be one of the following

- `I8`
- `I16`
- `I32`
- `I64` (if 64-bits integers are supported)

Works only for integers (i, u, d, o, x, X)

Largest ( `j` ) [C99]

The argument is read as an `intmax_t` / `uintmax_t`, which is defined to be the largest signed/unsigned integer.

Long ( `l` )

An integral argument is read as an ( `unsigned` ) `long` `int`. A string argument is read as a `wchar_t` `*`, and output as a multi-byte character sequence.

Long long ( `ll` ) [C99, UNIX98, GNU]

The argument is read as an ( `unsigned` ) `long` `long` `int`.

Long double ( `L` ) [C99, UNIX98, GNU]

The argument is read as a `long` `double`.

ptrdiff_t ( `t` ) [C99]

The argument is read as a `ptrdiff_t`, which is defined to be the signed integer type of the result of subtracting two pointers.

Quad ( `q` ) [BSD, GNU]

Corresponds to the long long modifier ( `ll` ).

Wide ( `w` ) [MISC]

For a string argument this is equivalent to using the long modifier ( `l` ).

size_t ( `z` ) [C99]

The argument is read as a `size_t`, which is defined to be the type returned by the `sizeof` operator.

size_t ( `Z` ) [GNU]

Corresponds to the size_t modifier ( `z` ).

Alternative ( `#` )

Prepend radix indicator for hexadecimal, octal, and binary integer numbers and for pointers. Always add a decimal-point for floating-point numbers. Escape non-printable characters for strings.

Spacing ( )

Prepend leading spaces when necessary.

Sign ( `+` )

Always prepend a sign to numbers. Normally only the negative sign is prepended to a number. With this modifier the positive sign may also be prepended.

Alignment ( `-` )

The output will be left-justified in the field specified by the width.

Argument ( `*` )

Width, precision, or base is read from the argument list, rather than from the formatting string.

Quote / Grouping ( ' `)` [MISC]

Groups integers and the integer-part of floating-point numbers according to the locale. Quote strings and characters.

Sticky ( `!` ) [TRIO]

The modifiers listed for the current specifier will be reused by subsequent specifiers of the same group. The following specifier groups exists

- Integer ( `i`, `u`, `d`, `o`, `x`, `X` )
- Floating-point ( `f`, `F`, `e`, `E`, `g`, `G`, `a`, `A` )
- Character ( `c` )
- String ( `s` )
- Pointer ( `p` )
- Count ( `n` )
- Errno ( `m` )
- Group ( `[]` )

The sticky modifiers are active until superseeded by other sticky modifiers, or the end of the format string is reached. Local modifiers overrides sticky modifiers for the given specifier only.

      trio_printf("|%!08#x|%04x|%x|\n", 42, 42, 42);
      |0x00002a|0x2a|0x00002a|

Specifiers

Percent ( `%` )

Produce a percent ( `%` ) character. This is used to quote the indication character. No modifiers are allowed. The full syntax is `%%`.

      trio_printf("Percent is %%\n");
      Percent is %

Hex floats ( `a`, `A` ) [C99]

Output a hexadecimal (base 16) representation of a floating point number. The number is automatically preceeded by `0x` ( or `0X` ). The exponent is `p` ( or `P` ).

      trio_printf("|%a|%A|\n", 3.1415, 3.1415e20);
      |0x3.228bc|0X3.228BCP+14|

Binary numbers ( `b`, `B` ) [MISC - SCO UnixWare 7]

DEPRECATED: Use Base modifier `%..2i` instead.

Character ( `c` )

Output a single character.

- Quote ( ' `)` [TRIO]. Quote the character.

Decimal ( `d` )

Output a decimal (base 10) representation of a number.

- Grouping ( ' `)` [TRIO]. The number is separated by the locale thousand separator.

        trio_printf("|%'ld|\n", 1234567);
        |1,234,567|

Floating-point ( `e`, `E)`

Output a decimal floating-point number. The style is `[-]9.99e[-]9`, where

- `[-]9.99` is the mantissa (as described for the `f`, `F` specifier), and
- `e[-]9` is the exponent indicator (either `e` or `E`, depending on the floating-point specifier), followed by an optional sign and the exponent

If the precision is wider than the maximum number of digits that can be represented by the floating-point unit, then the number will be adequately rounded. For example, assuming DBL_DIG is 15

      trio_printf("|%.18e|\n", (1.0 / 3.0));
      |3.333333333333333000e-01|

Floating-point ( `f`, `F` )

Output a decimal floating-point number. The style is `[-]9.99`, where

- `[-]` is an optional sign (either `+` or `-)`,
- `9` is the integer-part (possibly interspersed with thousand-separators),
- . `is` the decimal-point (depending on the locale), and
- `99` is the fractional-part.

If more digits are needed to output the number, than can be represented with the accuracy of the floating-point unit, then the number will be adequately rounded. For example, assuming that DBL_DIG is 15

      trio_printf("|%f|\n", (2.0 / 3.0) * 1E18);
      |666666666666666700.000000|

The following modifiers holds a special meaning for this specifier

- Alternative ( `#` ) [C99]. Add decimal point.
- Grouping ( ' `)` [TRIO]. Group integer part of number into thousands (according to locale).

Floating-point ( `g`, `G)`

Output a decimal floating-point representation of a number. The format of either the `f`, `F` specifier or the `e`, `E` specifier is used, whatever produces the shortest result.

Integer ( `i` )

Output a signed integer. Default base is 10.

Errno ( `m` ) [GNU]

Count ( `n` )

Insert into the location pointed to by the argument, the number of octets written to the output so far.

Octal ( `o` )

Output an octal (base 8) representation of a number.

Pointer ( `p` )

Ouput the address of the argument. The address is printed as a hexadecimal number. If the argument is the NULL pointer the text `(nil)` will be used instead.

- Alternative ( `#` ) [TRIO]. Prepend 0x

String ( `s`, `S` )

Output a string. The argument must point to a zero terminated string. If the argument is the NULL pointer the text `(nil)` will be used instead. `S` is equivalent to `ls`.

- Alternative ( `#` ) [TRIO]. Escape non-printable characters.

Non-printable characters are converted into C escapes, or hexadecimal numbers where no C escapes exists for the character. The C escapes, the hexadecimal number, and all backslashes are prepended by a backslash ( `\` ). The supported C escapes are

- `\a` (\007) = alert
- `\b` (\010) = backspace
- `\f` (\014) = formfeed
- `\n` (\012) = newline
- `\r` (\015) = carriage return
- `\t` (\011) = horizontal tab
- `\v` (\013) = vertical tab

      trio_printf("|One %s Three|One %'s Three|\n", "Two", "Two");
      |One Two Three|One "Two" Three|

      trio_printf("|Argument missing %s|\n", NULL);
      |Argument missing (nil)|

      trio_printf("|%#s|\n", "\007 \a.");
      |\a \a.|

Unsigned ( `u` )

Output an unsigned integer. Default base is 10.

Hex ( `x`, `X` )

Output a hexadecimal (base 16) representation of a number.

- Alternative ( `#` ). Preceed the number by `0x` ( or `0X` ). The two characters are counted as part of the width.

User-defined ( `<>` )

Invoke user-defined formatting. See User-defined Formatted Printing Functions. for further information.

RETURN VALUES

All functions returns the number of outputted characters. If an error occured then a negative error code is returned [TRIO]. Note that this is a deviation from the standard, which simply returns -1 (or EOF) and errno set appropriately. The error condition can be detected by checking whether the function returns a negative number or not, and the number can be parsed with the following macros. The error codes are primarily intended as debugging aide for the developer.

- TRIO_EINVAL: Invalid argument.
- TRIO_ETOOMANY: Too many arguments.
- TRIO_EDBLREF: Double argument reference.
- TRIO_EGAP: Argument reference gap.
- TRIO_ENOMEM: Out of memory.
- TRIO_ERANGE: Invalid range.
- TRIO_ERRNO: The error is specified by the errno variable.

Example:

      int rc;

      rc = trio_printf("%r\n", 42);
      if (rc < 0) {
        if (TRIO_ERROR_CODE(rc) != TRIO_EOF) {
          trio_printf("Error: %s at position %d\n",
                      TRIO_ERROR_NAME(rc),
                      TRIO_ERROR_POSITION(rc));
        }
      }

SEE ALSO

trio_scanf, trio_register.

NOTES

The printfv family uses an array rather than the stack to pass arguments. This means that `short` `int` and `float` values will not be handled by the default argument promotion in C. Instead, these values must be explicitly converted with the Short (h) modifier in both cases.

Example:

      void *array[2];
      float float_number = 42.0;
      short short_number = 42;

      array[0] = &float_number;
      array[1] = &short_number;

      trio_printfv("%hf %hd\n", array); /* CORRECT
      trio_printfv("%f %d\n", array); /* WRONG

CONFORMING TO

Throughout this document the following abbreviations have been used to indicate what standard a feature conforms to. If nothing else is indicated ANSI C (C89) is assumed.

- [C89] ANSI X3.159-1989
- [C99] ISO/IEC 9899:1999
- [UNIX98] The Single UNIX Specification, Version 2
- [BSD] 4.4BSD
- [GNU] GNU libc
- [MSVC] Microsoft Visual C
- [MISC] Other non-standard sources
- [TRIO] Extensions specific for this package

## Function Documentation

int trio_asprintf | ( | char ** | result,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | ... |
| ) |

Allocate and print to string.

The memory allocated and returned by `result` must be freed by the calling application.

Parameters:

  result | Output string.
  format | Formatting string.
  ... | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_asprintfv | ( | char ** | result,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | trio_pointer_t * | args
| ) |

Allocate and print to string.

The memory allocated and returned by `result` must be freed by the calling application.

Parameters:

  result | Output string.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_dprintf | ( | int | fd,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | ... |
| ) |

Print to file descriptor.

Parameters:

  fd | File descriptor.
  format | Formatting string.
  ... | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_dprintfv | ( | int | fd,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | trio_pointer_t * | args
| ) |

Print to file descriptor.

Parameters:

  fd | File descriptor.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_fprintf | ( | FILE * | file,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | ... |
| ) |

Print to file.

Parameters:

  file | File pointer.
  format | Formatting string.
  ... | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_fprintfv | ( | FILE * | file,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | trio_pointer_t * | args
| ) |

Print to file.

Parameters:

  file | File pointer.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_printf | ( | const char * | format,
|  | ... |
| ) |

Print to standard output stream.

Parameters:

  format | Formatting string.
  ... | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_printfv | ( | const char * | format,
|  | trio_pointer_t * | args
| ) |

Print to standard output stream.

Parameters:

  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_snprintf | ( | char * | buffer,
|  | size_t | max,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | ... |
| ) |

Print at most `max` characters to string.

Parameters:

  buffer | Output string.
  max | Maximum number of characters to print.
  format | Formatting string.
  ... | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_snprintfv | ( | char * | buffer,
|  | size_t | max,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | trio_pointer_t * | args
| ) |

Print at most `max` characters to string.

Parameters:

  buffer | Output string.
  max | Maximum number of characters to print.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_sprintf | ( | char * | buffer,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | ... |
| ) |

Print to string.

Parameters:

  buffer | Output string.
  format | Formatting string.
  ... | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_sprintfv | ( | char * | buffer,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | trio_pointer_t * | args
| ) |

Print to string.

Parameters:

  buffer | Output string.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_vasprintf | ( | char ** | result,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | va_list | args
| ) |

Allocate and print to string.

The memory allocated and returned by `result` must be freed by the calling application.

Parameters:

  result | Output string.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_vdprintf | ( | int | fd,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | va_list | args
| ) |

Print to file descriptor.

Parameters:

  fd | File descriptor.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_vfprintf | ( | FILE * | file,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | va_list | args
| ) |

Print to file.

Parameters:

  file | File pointer.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_vprintf | ( | const char * | format,
|  | va_list | args
| ) |

Print to standard output stream.

Parameters:

  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_vsnprintf | ( | char * | buffer,
|  | size_t | max,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | va_list | args
| ) |

Print at most `max` characters to string.

Parameters:

  buffer | Output string.
  max | Maximum number of characters to print.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

int trio_vsprintf | ( | char * | buffer,
|  | const char * | format,
|  | va_list | args
| ) |

Print to string.

Parameters:

  buffer | Output string.
  format | Formatting string.
  args | Arguments.

Returns:
  Number of printed characters.

Copyright (C) 2001 - 2006 Bjørn Reese and Daniel Stenberg.